First published in 1993. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor and Francis, an informa company.

In "Changing States", Robert Welch examines the work of the major authors of modern Irish literature in the context of the transformation from Gaelic to 20th-century post-industrial culture. The force of Irish writing, uniting authors as various as Yeats, Heaney, Synge, Beckett, Joyce and Mairtin O' Cadhain, largely derives, Welch argues, from their need to respond to the challenges of this transformation. Writing against a sense of loss, their work is distinguished by certain key features: an intense awareness of the power of language; a provisionality in regard to character; a preoccupation with change and an obsession with the past and its meaning. Robert Welch draws attention to the crucial but often hidden aspects of modern Irish writing. He examines its flexibility; its scepticism; its concern with form; and ultimately the need for change, and the fear of it. He provides a unique in-depth study of individual authors in the context of cultural and linguistic developments, that should be of use to anyone interested in Irish life and literature or in language and translation.

Major changes have recently taken place in the value attached to components of milk. Although approximately half the energy in milk is contained in fat, fat is rapidly decreasing in value relative to protein. This has come about because of the increased availability of competitively-priced, plant-derived edible oils and because of the perceived health problems associated with animal fat in the human diet. Such changes have major implications for the dairy sector, particularly in developed countries. Against this background, this book presents a timely review of developments in milk production and consumption, of changes in milk component values, and of the opportunities that biotechnology provides to alter the composition of and add value to milk on the farm. The subject coverage is very broad, ranging from nutritional aspects of pastures and forages, to rumen microbiology, genetics and reproductive technologies, milk biochemistry and environmental implications. It is based on a conference held in Wellington, New Zealand, in February 1996, and sponsored by the OECD and AgResearch. Contributors include leading research workers from North America, Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. It provides an invaluable overview of the subject, suitable as a reference book for advanced students, researchers and advisers in dairy science as well as related disciplines such as grassland, nutritional and food sciences.

Patrick Galvin, one of Ireland most distinctive and original poets, was born in Cork in 1927. Author of seven collections of poetry his work has appeared in numerous journals and anthologies and has been broadcast by the BBC and RTE. Galvin is master of the understatement combining black humour with intense compassion to create a poetry that is directly political and humane, expressed with conviction in an effortless style of great emotional depth. His first collection of poetry Heart of Grace was published in 1957 followed by the mould-breaking Christ in London. Other collections include The Wood-Burners, Man on the Porch and Folk Tales For the General, a Poetry Ireland Book Choice. His most recent works The Mad Women of Cork and The Death of Art O'Leary were published in 1994. Robin Skelton in a review for The Guardian states that Galvin is 'one of the few really original poets of our generation'. Galvin is also a well known playwright and was Resident Dramatist at the Lyric Theatre, Belfast from 1973 to 1979. His awards include a Leverhulme Fellowship in Drama and the prestigious Irish American Cultural Award for Poetry in 1995. This single volume supports the sentiments of many critics who believe his work is a significant contribution to poetry in Ireland.

Article From American Opinion, October, 1961.

The Supreme Court And Its Attack On American Liberties.

A century ago this year, productions of W. B. Yeats's The Countess Cathleen and Edward Martyn's The Heather Field launched what was to become Ireland's National Theatre, named after its home in Abbey Street, Dublin. This is the first history of the Abbey Theatre to set the plays and the personalities in their historical and political context and to describe the theatre's artistic and financial development to the present day. Outstanding plays and persistent dramatic themes are discussed alongside the Abbey's people-not just the playwrights, poets, and actors who supply its dramatic life but also the directors and policy-makers whose struggle for financial security, subsidy, and new-style 'partnerships' form a crucial part of its story.

The literature of Ireland displays an exceptional richness and diversity - whether in Irish or English, by native Irish and Anglo-Irish writers or by outsiders like Edmund Spenser whose works were deeply imbued with the country in which he lived and wrote. In over 2,000 entries, the Companion to Irish Literature surveys the Irish literary landscape across some sixteen centuries, describing its features and landmarks.

Entries range from ogam writing, developed in the 4th century, to the fiction, poetry, and drama of the l990s; and from Cú Chulainn to James Joyce. There are accounts of authors as early as Adomnán, 7th century Abbot of Iona, up to contemporary writers such as Roddy Doyle, Brian Friel, Seamus Heaney, and Edna O'Brien. Individual entries are provided for all major works, from Táin Bó Cuailnge - the Ulster saga reflecting the Celtic Iron Age - to Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent, Ó Cadhain's Cré na Cille, and Banville's The Book of Evidence.

The Companion also illuminates the historical contexts of these writers, and the events which sometimes directly inspired them - the Famine of 1845-8, which provided a theme for novelists, poets, and memoirists from William Carleton to Patrick Kavanagh and Peadar Ó Laoghaire; the founding of the Abbey Theatre and its impact on playwrights such as J. M. Synge and Padraic Colum; the Easter Rising that stirred Yeats to the `terrible beauty' of `Easter 1916'. It offers a wealth of information on general topics, ranging from the stage Irishman to Catholicism, Protestantism, the Irish language, and university education in Ireland; and on genres such as annals, bardic poetry, and folksong. The majority of entries include a succinct bibliography, and the volume also provides a chronology and maps.

This study surveys the course of verse translation from the Irish, starting with the notorious Macpherson controversy and ending with the publication of George Sigerson's Bards of the Gael and Gall in 1897. Professor Welch considers some of the problems and challenges relating to the translation of Irish verse into English in the context of translation theory and ideas about cultural differentiation. Throughout the book, we see again and again the dilemma of poets who must be faithful to the spirit or the form of Irish verse, but who rarely have the ability to capture both. The relationship between Irish and English in the nineteenth century was, necessarily, a critical one, and the translators were often working at the centre of the crisis, whether they were aware of it or not. As Celticism evolved into nationalism and heroic idealism, these influences can be clearly seen in the development of verse translation from the Irish.

This volume analyses the interplay between religion and society in Ireland and how Irish writing, whether poetry, prose, drama, sermon or pamphlet, has reflected that interplay, and how the idea of wholeness and integration, as part of the religious search, informs Irish writing. Irish literature has been influenced by religion from the beginning. Writing itself came about as a result of the conversion to Christianity, because the early church brought with it a Latin orthography which the native men of learning adopted. Pagan beliefs and practices were assimilated into Christianity, but not entirely so: a theme that surfaces continually in Irish writing is the conflict between Pagan and Christian values. This tension is also an interaction: one of the characteristics of Irish literature of all periods is its capacity to retain pagan stories and modes of thought. This retention reflects a society which, while Christianised, has many roots in a pre-Christian Celtic past. The essays follow a broadly chronological pattern covering every facet of the subject, starting with Paganism in early Ireland, and moving on to the literary uses of folk belief and religion in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries.